In 2001, it was hypothesised that milk consumption may affect estrogen levels,
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11601881/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19496976
in 2009, estrogen metabolite levels were measured in milk, and skim milk had the lowest unconjugated (free) EM levels,
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19217359
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18194824
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22940769/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23670169/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24636397
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11601881/
a 2010 study showed short term decreases in testosterone, and increases in estrogen, after milk consumption,The major sources of animal-derived estrogen's in the human diet are milk and dairy products, which account for 60-70% of the estrogens consumed. Humans consume milk obtained from heifers in the latter half of pregnancy, when the estrogen levels in cows are markedly elevated. The milk that we now consume may be quite unlike that consumed 100 years ago.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19496976
since these exogenous hormones are fat-soluble, it is possible that skim milk may have a smaller effect on hormones.After the intake of cow milk, serum estrone (E1) and progesterone concentrations significantly increased, and serum luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and testosterone significantly decreased in men. Urine concentrations of E1, estradiol, estriol and pregnanediol significantly increased in all adults and children.
in 2009, estrogen metabolite levels were measured in milk, and skim milk had the lowest unconjugated (free) EM levels,
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19217359
in a 2008 study on milk consumption and acne in teenaged boys, there was a positive association with skim milk and acne, possibly due to increased androgen levels,The results show that the milk products tested contain considerable levels of EM; however, the levels of unconjugated EM in skim milk were substantially lower than that observed in whole milk, 2% milk, and buttermilk. Whole milk contained the lowest overall levels of EM while buttermilk contained the highest. As anticipated, soy milk did not contain the mammalian EM measured using this method.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18194824
in 2012, skim milk consumption was found to be associated with a lower risk of asthenozoospermia,In conclusion, skim milk intake was associated with the prevalence of acne in adolescent boys. Our data support the concept that this may be a result of ingested milk's effect on acnegenic androgen levels, possibly in part because of raised testosterone resulting from a hyperinsulinemic and IGF-I-mediated stimulus and in part caused by the dihydrotestoster-one precursors present in milk, which may have biological effects in the consumer. This raises the possibility that other hormonally sensitive glands may also be affected by the hormonal constituents of milk.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22940769/
in 2013, dairy intake was found to be inversely related to sperm morphology and motility in young, physically active men. this association was stronger for full-fat dairy and independent of overall diet,Conversely, being in the highest tertile of total fruits and vegetables, the intake of dark green vegetables, skim milk, poultry and sea food intake was associated with a lower risk of asthenozoospermia
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23670169/
finally, in 2014, it was found that consumption of low-fat dairy, in particular low-fat milk, was positively related to sperm concentration and motility. full-fat dairy was not associated with any relationship for non-smokers, and these associations were independent of overall diet,Total dairy food intake was inversely related to sperm morphology. This association was mostly driven by intake of full-fat dairy foods... Full-fat dairy intake was also associated with significantly lower percent progressively motile sperm
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24636397
Conclusion:Skimmed milk is the hormonally better option than full fat.Low-fat dairy intake was positively related to sperm concentration and progressive motility... These associations were primarily explained by intake of low-fat milk... Cheese intake was associated with lower sperm concentration among ever-smokers.