bdc

I typed up a list of articulations for my own personal benefit before going on my course, originally posted it on another forum- thought it might make a decent sticky/post to refer to if anyone is interested, have fun

Shoulder
Flexion: (Decreasing the joint angle) Moving the arm upwards in front of you e.g. performing front raises
Extension: (Increasing the joint angle) Moving the arm out behind you after hanging vertically
Medial Rotation: Rotation towards the centre of the body e.g. performing internal rotations
Lateral Rotation: Rotation away from the centre of the body e.g. performing external rotations
Abduction: Lateral movement away from the midline e.g. concentric movement involved in lateral raises
Adduction: Medial movement towards the midline e.g. eccentric part of lateral raises
Transverse Adduction/Horizontal Flexion: Movement towards the midline in a horizontal plane e.g. Flyes or clapping your hands together with straight arms
Transverse Abduction/Horizontal Extension: Movement away from the midline in a horizontal plane e.g. bent over/seated lateral raises

Shoulder Girdle
Elevation: Pulling the scapula up e.g. concentric part of a shrug
Depression: Moving the scapula down e.g. eccentric part of a shrug
Protraction: Forward movement of the scapula e.g. what happens to your body after your performing too many horizontal push movements without equal antagonistic movements
Retraction: Pulling the scapula back e.g. what happens to your body after your performing too many horizontal pull movements without equal antagonistic movements

Spine/Neck (Applies to both)
Flexion (1): (Thoracic section (kyphotic curve/upper convex) Decreasing the angle of the joint, bending the spine forwards e.g. rounding of the back (2): Cervical section (neck/higher concave) e.g. pushing chin to chest
(Hyper)Extension (1): (Lumbar section (lordotic curve/lower concave) Increasing the angle of the joint, arching the spine back e.g. performing hyperextensions (2) Cervical section (neck/higer concave) e.g. pushing head towards back
Lateral Flexion/Abduction (1): (Thoracic section (kyphotic curve/upper convex) Lateral movement away from the midline e.g. oblique crunches (2) Cervical section (neck/higer concave) Tilting head so ear moves towards shoulder
Reduction/Abduction: For both sections, returning to the anatomical position (Stood upright with arms by side and palms facing forward)
Rotation: For both sections, rotation around the bones longitudinal axis

Elbow
Flexion: Decrease in joint angle e.g. bringing the forearm up as if you were performing a bicep curl
Extension: Increase in joint angle, returning to anatomical position from flexion e.g. tricep extension

Forearm
Pronation: Rotation so palm faces down
Supination: Rotation so palm faces up

Knee
Flexion: Decrease in joint angle e.g. performing leg/hamstring curls
Extension: Increase in joint angle e.g. performing leg extensions
Lateral Rotation: Rotary movement, knee bent- turning the lower leg outwards (small movement)
Medial Rotation: Rotary movement, knee bent- turning the lower leg inwards

Ankle
Plantarflexion: Extension of the ankle e.g. tiptoe action
Dorsiflexion: Flexion of the ankle e.g. pulling the foot towards the shin
Inversion/Supination: Turning the sole inwards
Eversion/Pronation: Turning the sole outwards

Hip
Flexion: Decrease in the joint angle e.g. from the anatomical position raising a straight leg in front of you
Extension: Increase in joint angle e.g. from the anatomical position pushing a straight leg behind you/performing reverse hyperextensions
Abduction: Medial movement away from the midline of the body
Adduction: Medial movement towards the midline
Transverse/Horizontal Abduction: As above but in a horizontal plane of motion
Transverse/Horizontal Adduction: As above but in a horizontal plane of motion
Medial Rotation: Rotating the thigh inwards
Lateral Rotation: Rotating the thigh outwards
Circumduction: Circular movement e.g. with leg straight, performing circles with your feet

To summarise toes, fingers, wrists and thumb joints: (hinge joints have flexion and extension alone i.e. the interphalangeal finger and toe joints). The carpometacarpal joint of the thumb has adduction, abduction and opposition and is a saddle joint, the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints (knuckles) of the thumbs/fingers and toes has all of those excluding opposition and are elipsoid joints. The wrist can perform flexion, extension, adduction and abduction.

BL1

Very nice mate - good read.