Quote:

Originally Posted by bacc Hi all There are seven main classes of nutrients that are required by body are as follows:- Carbohydrates Proteins Fats Vitamins Minerals Fibre - tis a carb already!!! Water

• The Most Critical Nutrient!
  • Functions in transport, chemical reactions, temperature maintenance, lubrication, etc.
• Water deprivation ---> dehydration ---> electrolyte imbalance ---> death
• Requirements vary from one species to another. For example, the desert rat requires very little, while the dairy cow may require 25-29 gallons/day.
• Management problems leading to lack of water
  • bad taste (high sulfur content)
  • don’t know how to use or cannot find waterer
  • stray voltage at water source

• Functions
  • energy source
  • building block for other nutrients
  • dietary excess stored as fat
• Two main components of carbohydrates
  • Crude fiber (cellulose mainly)
  • Nitrogen-free extract (soluable sugars, starches)
• Differences between monogastric, hindgut fermenter and ruminant
  • Ruminants and hindgut fermenters have microorganisms in the rumen or hindgut that can break down crude fiber (cellulose) into useable products; monogastrics cannot utilize most crude fiber.
  • All livestock are capable of breaking down the soluable sugars and starches.
• Management Problems
  • poor quality feedstuffs
  • improper ration balancing

• Functions
• Energy (stored at higher conc./g than CHO)
• Source of heat, insulation, body protection (cushioning)
• Essential fatty acids (immune function, CLA-anticancer link?)
• Sources
  • Oils (soybean oil, corn oil, fish oil)
  • By product fats (lard or tallow from livestock rendering)
    • provides cheap energy source
    • reduces dust in feed manufacturing and animal feeding
    • increases feed palatability

• Most expensive ingredient in ration, need decreases as animal matures
• Source of Essential Amino Acids (number, type and level of amino acids required varies with animal species)
  • Functions -- basic structural unit, needed in metabolism, hormone, antibody and DNA production
• When fed in exess, converted to energy, fat
• Monogastric vs. ruminant
  • True protein is composed of amino acids
  • Crude protein contains both true protein and other nitrogenous products (non-protein nitrogen)
  • Non-protein nitrogen can be converted by rumen bacteria to true protein (cheaper source of protein for the ruminant animal)

• Two classes
  • Major minerals -- Ca, P, Na, Cl, Mg, K, S
  • Minor (Trace minerals) -- Co, Cu, F, I, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, Zn
    • The need for supplementation of minor minerals such as Se and F varies with the region
• Functions -- skeleton, protein synthesis, oxygen transport, fluid and acid-base balance in body, enzyme reactions
• Mineral/mineral and vitamin/mineral interactions
  • Ca - Vitamin D
  • P - Vitamin D
  • Co - Vitamin B12
  • Se - Vitamin E
• Both deficiencies and excesses can lead to disease

• Two classes

• Water soluble -- B & C
• Fat soluble -- A, D, E, K

• Functions -- most vitamins have multiple functions in body involving metabolism, enzyme reactions, etc.
• Requirements increase with age
• Both deficiencies and excesses lead to disease

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